against the tribes had an important and in my opinion determining effect on the position, and within six weeks from their arrival (I speak from memory) opposition to our troops was at an end. 5. A complete chain of landing grounds has been made under my orders from Baghdad to the Indian frontier, extending all down the northern shore of the Gulf; landing grounds have also been made on the Bushire-Shiraz road. A motor road from Bundar Abbas to Shiraz is under construction, and, if completed, will make it possible to maintain an aerodrome there. Aeroplanes could then co-operate with local levies, disperse hostile gatherings, and generally assist the Persian Government to maintain order at a far less cost and with less military and political liability than troops. This point of view has been specifically endorsed by Sir P. Cox, His Majesty's Minister, Tehran. 6. There are now only two machines at Bushire, and those of an unsuitable type. 7. I submit that a flight of aeroplanes should be kept at Bushire in the winter, and at Shiraz in the summer. If this was done the withdrawal of our military forces —so urgently desired by the Government of India and so necessary on political and financial grounds - would then be possible except for a small garrison on pre-war lines, viz., one regiment. Troubles will no doubt recur, but they should not be so serious as again to demand our armed intervention; the shortage of ammunition in native hands is acute, and if the arms traffic can be controlled we should have less trouble in the future than in the past. 28 June 1919 THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG was founded in 1895 in Dessau. The company started aircraft production during the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles imposed severe restrictions on Germany’s aircraft industry: Treaty of Versailles Section III. Air Clauses Article 198 The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces. Germany may, during a period not extending beyond 1 October 1919, maintain a maximum number of one hundred seaplanes or flying boats, which shall be exclusively employed in searching for submarine mines, shall be furnished with the necessary equipment for this purpose, and shall in no case carry arms, munitions or bombs of any nature whatever. In addition to the engines installed in the seaplanes or flying boats above mentioned, one spare engine may be provided for each engine of each of these craft. No dirigible shall be kept. Article 199 Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the personnel of air forces on the rolls of the German land and sea forces shall be demobilised. Up to 1 October 1919, however, Germany may keep and maintain a total number of one thousand men, including officers, for the whole of the cadres and personnel, flying and nonflying, of all formations and establishments. Article 200 Until the complete evacuation of German territory by the Allied and Associated troops, the aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany freedom of passage through the air, freedom of transit and of landing. Article 201 During the six months following the coming into force of the present Treaty, the manufacture and importation of aircraft, parts of aircraft, engines for aircraft, and parts of engines for aircraft, shall be forbidden in all German territory. Article 202
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